Eighty kilometers to the south of Wroclaw, underneath
Poland’s oldest mountain range, the Owl Mountains, lies a massive underground
complex and tunnel system built by the Nazis.
The exact purpose of these tunnels is not known, nor
is its true size because the complex was never completed. More than nine
kilometers were excavated, but only a small section was reinforced by steel and
concrete before the Nazis were driven out of the region by the arriving Red
Army. Some say the tunnels were meant to serve as the Führer’s headquarter,
while others believe it was supposed to be used as an underground weapons
factory.
Construction
of the tunnels began in 1943 in response to increased Allied bombing over Nazi
Germany. German sources suggest that they were supposed to be turned into a
huge underground shelter covering more than 35 square kilometers, with one of
Adolf Hitler’s Führer Headquarters at its center. Furthermore, it was planned
to be used as a refuge for the leading members of the military as well as a
safe place for certain industrial facilities.
The
Owl Mountains were chosen because of its hard rock that would provide the
underground complex extra protection against Allied air raids. But it also made
the progress of digging tunnels was slow. Thousands of forced labor from camps
across the Soviet Union and Poland helped build the tunnel. They worked in appalling
conditions, exhausted and starving. Mortality was very high because of disease,
malnutrition, exhaustion, dangerous underground works, and the treatment of
prisoners by German guards. Some 5,000 slave labors died in this project.
As of
today, seven systems of shelters and tunnels that make up Project Riese are
known to exist in the Owl Mountains. They are all of a similar design,
corresponding to the layout of other subterranean Führer Headquarters. Three of
these sites are run by private owners and can be visited by tourists. Only when
one enters the tunnels, the true scope of this unrealistic construction project
becomes obvious. Indeed, “Riese” means “giant”.
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